Texas A&M AgriLife Research scientists are using artificial intelligence for producing algae as a reliable, economic source for biofuel. This illustration depicts integration of machine learning-informed semi-continuous algal cultivation (SAC) and aggregation-based sedimentation (ABS) for biofuel production. Illustration: Texas A&M AgriLife Research

Texas A&M AgriLife Research scientists are using artificial intelligence to set a new world record for producing algae as a reliable, economic source for biofuel that can be used as an alternative fuel source for jet aircraft and other transportation needs.

Joshua Yuan, Ph.D., AgriLife Research scientist, professor and chair of Synthetic Biology and Renewable Products in the Texas A&M College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, is leading the research project.

## Solving the algae limitations as a biofuel

“The commercialization of algal biofuel has been hindered by the relatively low yield and high harvesting cost,” Dr. Yuan said. “The limited light penetration and poor cultivation dynamics both contributed to the low yield. Overcoming these challenges could enable viable algal biofuels to reduce carbon emissions, mitigate climate change, alleviate petroleum dependency, and transform the bioeconomy.”

Dr. Yuan has previously been successful at finding methods to convert corn stubble, grasses and mesquite into biodegradable, lightweight materials and bioplastics. His latest project utilizes a patented artificial intelligence advanced learning model to predict algae light penetration, growth, and optimal density. The prediction model allows for continual harvest of synthetic algae using hydroponics to maintain the rapid growth at the optimal density to allow best light availability.

The method Dr. Yuan and team developed has successfully achieved, in an outdoor experiment, 43.3 grams per square meter per day of biomass productivity — which would be a world record. The latest DOE target range is 25 grams per square meter per day.

“Algae can be used as an alternative energy source for many industries, including biofuel and as jet fuel,” he said. “Algae is a good alternative fuel source for this industry. It’s an alternate feedstock for bioethanol refinery without the need for pretreatment. It’s lower cost than coal or natural gas. It also provides for a more efficient way of carbon capture and utilization and can be used as a source for animal feed.

## Algae as a renewable energy

Regarding the growth limitations caused by mutual shading and high harvest costs, “We overcome these challenges by advancing machine learning to inform the design of a semi-continuous algal cultivation (SAC) to sustain optimal cell growth and minimize mutual shading,” said Dr. Yuan.

He is using an aggregation-based sedimentation strategy designed to achieve low-cost biomass harvesting and economical SAC. “The aggregation-based sedimentation is achieved by engineering a fast-growing blue-green algae strain, Synechococcus elongatus UTEX2973, to produce limonene, which increases cyanobacterial cell surface hydrophobicity and enables efficient cell aggregation and sedimentation,” he said.

## Making algae economical energy

Scaling-up the SAC with an outdoor pond system achieves a biomass yield of 43.3 grams per square meter per day, bringing the minimum biomass selling price down to approximately $281 per ton, according to the team’s findings published in January in Nature Communications. In comparison, the standard low-cost feedstock for biomass in ethanol is corn, which is currently approximately$6 per bushel or \$260 per ton. However, Dr. Yuan’s process does not call for costly pre-treatment before fermentation. Corn must be ground, and the mash must be cooked before fermentation.

“This technology is proven to be affordable and can help propel algae as a true alternative form of energy,” he said.

The project team includes Bin Long, a graduate student from the Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology; Bart Fischer, Ph.D., co-director of the Texas A&M Agricultural and Food Policy Center and Texas A&M Department of Agricultural Economics; Henry Bryant, Ph.D., Department of Agricultural Economics; and Yining Zeng, Ph.D., staff scientist with the U.S. Department of Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

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