Phytoplankton from the Southern Ocean. Credit: Jeff McQuaid
by Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres
Phytoplankton are the foundation of ocean ecosystems: like rainforests, they consume carbon from the atmosphere, form the basis of the marine food web and have a decisive influence on fish abundance and global climate. An international study with the participation of GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, which has now been published in the journal Science Advances, provides new insights into the complex biogeochemical processes at the base of the marine ecosystem.
All life starts at a small scale, also in the ocean. Microscopic organisms, phytoplankton, form an important basis for the entire marine ecosystem, which ultimately determines how fish stocks develop and how much atmospheric carbon dioxide is taken up by the ocean. In this respect, understanding the basis of the marine ecosystem is important for two elementary questions for the future of our human population: nutrition and climate.
Scientists from Dalhousie University, University of Liverpool, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel and Scripps Institution of Oceanography have developed a new model for studying phytoplankton growth in the ocean. The model was coupled to metaproteomic and environmental data to allow accurate predictions of, for example, phytoplankton growth rates in the Southern Ocean.
“You can think of phytoplankton growth like industrial manufacturing in a factory: materials come into the factory and are processed on assembly lines, creating the final product,” explains Scott McCain, lead author of the study and a Ph.D. student in the Department of Biology at Canada’s Dalhousie University. “We asked ourselves how to increase output, which is the amount of products leaving the factory,” Mr. McCain adds. “Applied to phytoplankton, that means how can they grow faster?”
“As part of the study, we found that phytoplankton rearrange their ‘cellular assembly lines’ to do this,” explained Prof. Dr. Eric Achterberg, co-author of the study from GEOMAR. “We were not concerned with the amount of available nutrients, including iron and manganese, that are important for the growth of phytoplankton, but rather with the question of how the ‘cellular assembly lines’ in the phytoplankton that process the source substances for their growth adapt to changes,” he said.
To do this, the researchers created a mathematical model of a phytoplankton that enabled them to simulate these processes. The model was linked to laboratory and cruise data from the Southern Ocean on metaproteomics, dissolved iron and manganese. This allowed them to obtain new explanations for various phytoplankton processes. “Our results show that cumulative cellular costs determine how environmental conditions change the growth of phytoplankton,” says Professor Achterberg.
“This fundamentally changes the way we look at phytoplankton growth and will lead to better predictions of how phytoplankton will grow in the ocean,” adds Dr. McCain. According to the Canadian scientists these findings are also important for predictions on the development of fish stocks and global climate change.
Phytoplankton use chlorophyll and other light-harvesting pigments to carry out photosynthesis, absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide to produce sugars for fuel. These measurements give scientists valuable insights into the health of the ocean environment and help them study the ocean carbon cycle. This time-expanded chlorophyll map from NASA Earth Observations display milligrams of chlorophyll per cubic meter of seawater each month.
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