Understanding the Language of Algae

by Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres

A​lgae communicate with their own kind, and with other organisms in their surroundings. They deploy this “language of algae” with volatile organic substances they release into the water,” says Dr. Patrick Fink, a water ecologist at the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) site, in Magdeburg, Germany.

These chemical signals are known as BVOCs (biogenic volatile organic compounds) and are the equivalent of odors in the air with which flowering plants communicate and attract their pollinators. When under attack by parasites, some plant species release odors that attract the parasites’ natural enemies to them.

“Algae also employ such interactions and protective mechanisms,” says Dr. Fink. “After all, they are among the oldest organisms on Earth, and chemical communication is the most original form of exchanging information in evolutionary history. However, our knowledge in this area remains very fragmentary.”

Patrick Fink is the corresponding author of the article recently appearing in Biological Reviews, where he has summarized the status of research in the chemical communication of algae.

The language of algae was first detected in investigations of macroalgae in the early 1970s. “Macroalgae — such as the bladder wrack from the coasts of Germany — reproduce by releasing gametes into the water. The male and female gametes each release pheromones so that they can also find each other in the vastness of the ocean,” explains Dr. Mahasweta Saha, marine chemical ecologist at the Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) in Great Britain. “This was the first indication that algae communicate via chemical signals, and that they fulfill important ecological functions.”

In their publication, the authors reference the presumably significant effect of BVOCS within aquatic ecosystems. They identify gaps in knowledge and indicate possible future research areas such as coevolutionary processes between signal senders and receivers or the consequences of changes in the environment caused by humans on aquatic ecosystems.

“As the primary producers, algae form the basis of life of all aquatic food webs,” says Dr. Fink. “It is therefore important that we learn to better understand the chemical communication of algae and their basic functional relationships in aquatic ecosystems.”

The authors believe that increased understanding of the language of algae could also have useful technical applications, such as in using chemical signals to deter parasites, thereby reducing the use of pharmaceuticals in aquaculture. A better understanding of the chemical communication paths is also important to enable the development of more efficient environmental strategies.

“We can’t protect waters unless we understand the functioning of their internal regulation mechanisms,” says Dr. Fink. Initial studies show that the chemical communication process of marine algae is disrupted by the increasing ocean acidification due to climate change.

“It is also highly likely that there will be interactions between micropollutants of human origin and the algal BVOCs. This disrupts the finely balanced chemical communication processes that have remained stable over extended periods — which can have serious consequences for the function of the aquatic ecosystems,” he warns.